Degenerative myelopathy is a progressive neurological disease that affects the spinal cord and can cause old dogs' back legs to collapse. This condition is often compared to ALS in humans.
It's essential to note that degenerative myelopathy is a genetic disease, and certain breeds are more prone to it, such as German Shepherds, Labrador Retrievers, and Australian Shepherds.
The disease progresses rapidly, with most dogs showing significant symptoms within 6-12 months. As the disease advances, the dog's back legs will eventually collapse, making it difficult for them to walk or stand.
The quality of life of a dog with degenerative myelopathy can be significantly improved with proper care and management.
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Causes and Diagnosis
Degenerative myelopathy is a complex condition that affects older dogs, causing their back legs to collapse. The exact cause is unknown, but certain breeds are more predisposed to the condition due to a genetic mutation called SOD-1.
Dogs with degenerative myelopathy often exhibit hind leg weakness, incoordination, and paw knuckling. These symptoms can be similar to those of orthopedic issues, making diagnosis challenging. A professional diagnosis is crucial to rule out other conditions.
The breeds most at risk of developing degenerative myelopathy include German Shepherds, Bernese Mountain Dogs, Golden Retrievers, Boxers, Cavalier King Charles Spaniels, and Welsh Corgis.
Here are the breeds more predisposed to develop canine degenerative myelopathy:
- German Shepherds
- Bernese Mountain Dogs
- Golden Retrievers
- Boxers
- Cavalier King Charles Spaniels
- Welsh Corgis
Diagnosing degenerative myelopathy requires a combination of breed, medical history, physical examination, and diagnostic tests. A full examination, including blood work and urinalysis, is necessary to rule out other conditions. Diagnostic imaging tests, such as X-rays, MRI, or CT scans, may also be used to rule out conditions like arthritis, hip dysplasia, and spinal cord tumors.
What Causes?
Degenerative myelopathy is a genetic condition that affects certain breeds of dogs. It's a disease that we're still learning about, but research has made significant progress in recent years.
Degenerative myelopathy tends to be more prevalent in larger dogs, but it can affect a variety of breeds. This means that even smaller breeds can be susceptible to the disease.
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Some common breeds affected by degenerative myelopathy include German Shepherds, Boxers, Collies, and Siberian Huskies. These breeds are not the only ones that can be affected, but they are among the most common ones.
Here are some breeds that are commonly affected by degenerative myelopathy:
- German Shepherds
- Boxers
- Collies
- Siberian Huskies
- Wirehaired Fox Terriers
- Standard and Miniature Poodles
- Pembroke Welsh Corgis
- Bernese Mountain Dogs
- Kerry Blue Terriers
- Chesapeake Bay Retrievers
Diagnosed
Degenerative myelopathy is a challenging condition to diagnose, and it's often a process of elimination to rule out other possible causes. Professional diagnosis is crucial, as conditions like arthritis can mimic the early signs of DM.
The first step in diagnosing DM is to determine if the dog is the right breed and age, as it typically affects older, larger breeds. A thorough medical history is also essential to understand the onset of symptoms. A neurological exam will help differentiate between orthopedic and neurological problems.
The only true way to diagnose DM is by performing a spinal cord biopsy, but this is too risky for live dogs. Instead, a diagnosis of exclusion is made by ruling out other neurological possibilities through MRI and possible spinal fluid analysis.
The diagnostic process involves several steps:
- Signalment: Is this dog the right breed and age?
- History: Is the story the owner tells us appropriate as far as onset?
- Neurological Exam: Are the clinical signs indicative of a non-painful mid-back spinal cord problem?
- MRI and possible Spinal Fluid Analysis: Is there any other possible cause?
- Genetic Test: Does this dog have the potential to develop degenerative myelopathy?
In the early stages of DM, dogs may exhibit symptoms similar to arthritis or hip dysplasia, making it difficult to diagnose. However, as the condition progresses, neurological changes become more apparent, such as knuckling of the hind limbs or paws.
Symptoms
Degenerative myelopathy initially affects the back legs, causing muscle weakness and loss, and lack of coordination. This can cause a staggering effect that may appear to be arthritis.
The dog may drag one or both rear paws when it walks, which can cause the nails of one foot to be worn down.
As the disease progresses, the animal may display symptoms such as incontinence and have considerable difficulties with both balance and walking.
The progression of the disease is generally slow but highly variable. The animal could be crippled within a few months, or may survive as long as three years or more.
Early Signs of DM
- Increased difficulty standing up after lying down
- The dog's hips swaying back and forth when walking or standing still
- Crossing of the hind legs when walking or standing
- Abnormal gait or the dog "walking funny"
- Dog's back legs collapsing or looking wobbly
These symptoms can be similar to those of hip dysplasia or osteoarthritis, making it difficult to diagnose.
Common Symptoms
- Weakness in the back legs
- Wobbliness when walking or standing
- Tripping and unsteadiness
- Feet scraping on the ground
- Dragging of the paws when walking
- Difficulty getting up or climbing stairs
As the condition progresses, the dog may experience jerky movements, loss of balance, and difficulty standing.
Treatment
Degenerative myelopathy is an irreversible, progressive disease that can't be cured. It's a tough reality to face, but there's still hope for managing the condition and keeping your dog comfortable.
Laser therapy has shown promise in slowing down the progression of the disease. More studies are needed, but it might be worth exploring as a complementary treatment to rehabilitation and acupuncture.
Physical rehabilitation and physiotherapy can help your dog recover some strength. This can make a big difference in their quality of life, and it's worth investing in a good program.
Here are some treatment options to consider:
- Physical therapy
- Soft, padded bed to avoid pressure sores
- Slings to help get your dog up
- Booties for traction to prevent slipping
- Wheelchair to help your dog get around
- Wagon to help transport your dog
It's essential to work with a veterinary neurologist to determine the best course of treatment for your dog. They can help you develop a plan to manage the condition and keep your dog comfortable.
Regular exercise can help reduce atrophy in weakened muscles and give you more time with your dog. This is especially important in the early stages of the disease.
A peaceful, pain-free passing via humane euthanasia is often recommended once a dog's quality of life is affected. However, with the right care and support, you can make the most of the time you have left with your dog.
Prognosis and Age
Degenerative myelopathy is a progressive and incurable disease, but with aggressive therapy, life expectancy can be extended to around 14 months.
The condition typically occurs in middle-aged to older dogs, ranging from 4-14 years, although it can be reported in young dogs on rare occasions.
Without treatment, survival is around 3 months, and the disease progresses rapidly, but this option arguably comes with less suffering.
Prognosis
The prognosis for this disease is generally poor, with a life expectancy of around 14 months even with aggressive therapy.
Without treatment, survival is around 3 months, but this option arguably comes with less suffering.
Some dogs have lived for many years with the disease, with one female boxer even living for 11 years.
It's heartbreaking to see dogs realize they're ill, which usually happens during the late stages of the disease.
In some cases, dogs have appeared to be combating the disease on their own, walking on their own and doing exercise, but this is not a common occurrence.
The inevitable progression of this degenerative condition means that the symptoms will worsen over time, severely restricting the dog's mobility.
Your veterinarian will assess your dog's circumstances and help you determine the most appropriate treatment options for your pet.
It's recommended to put the dog to sleep at around 12 months to prevent unnecessary suffering, but this decision is ultimately up to you and your veterinarian.
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At What Age Does DM Typically Occur?
DM typically occurs in middle-aged to older dogs, ranging from 4-14 years. It's worth noting that this is the most common age range for the condition.
While DM can occur in young dogs, it's a rare occurrence.
Diagnosis Methods
Diagnosing degenerative myelopathy in older dogs can be a challenging process. It's crucial to rule out other conditions that may cause similar symptoms, such as arthritis or hip dysplasia.
A professional diagnosis is necessary, as other issues can mimic the symptoms of degenerative myelopathy. For example, arthritis can cause trouble walking, just like degenerative myelopathy.
The neurological exam is a key part of the diagnostic process. It can help differentiate between orthopedic and neurological problems. However, other neurological conditions can also present with similar symptoms, such as spinal cord tumors or malformations.
To diagnose degenerative myelopathy, veterinarians typically follow a series of steps. These include:
- Signalment: Checking if the dog is the right breed and age for degenerative myelopathy.
- History: Reviewing the dog's medical history to determine the onset of symptoms.
- Neurological Exam: Conducting a thorough neurological examination to assess the dog's clinical signs.
- MRI and possible Spinal Fluid Analysis: Using imaging tests and spinal fluid analysis to rule out other possible causes.
- Genetic Test: Conducting a genetic test to determine if the dog has the potential to develop degenerative myelopathy.
While there is no definitive test for degenerative myelopathy, a spinal cord biopsy can provide a definitive diagnosis. However, this is not typically done in live dogs due to the risks involved.
Other diagnostic tests, such as X-rays, MRI, and CT scans, can help rule out other conditions that may be causing the dog's symptoms. A sample of cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) may also be taken to investigate for elevated protein levels.
Frequently Asked Questions
When should a dog with degenerative myelopathy be put down?
Dogs with degenerative myelopathy typically require euthanasia within 6-12 months due to severe mobility loss. If not euthanized, the disease can progress for over 3 years, leading to complete paralysis and respiratory issues
What do you do when an old dog's back legs give out?
When an old dog's back legs suddenly collapse, seek immediate veterinary attention at a pet emergency hospital or regular vet's office for proper evaluation and treatment
Sources
- https://www.dvm360.com/view/degenerative-myelopathy-does-laser-therapy-offer-new-hope (dvm360.com)
- 16955818 (nih.gov)
- 23839236 (nih.gov)
- 10.1177/0300985813495899 (doi.org)
- 19188595 (nih.gov)
- Explanation of DM DNA Test Results (offa.org)
- 2650284 (nih.gov)
- 10.1073/iti0809106 (doi.org)
- "Degenerative Myelopathy" (upei.ca)
- "DM of the German Shepherd Dog" (dog2doc.com)
- "Degenerative Myelopathy" (caninegeneticdiseases.net)
- "Degenerative myelopathy in Canis familiaris" (angis.org.au)
- "How to Care for a Dog with Degenerative Myelopathy Video" (youtube.com)
- Degenerative Myelopathy in Dogs: Stages, Symptoms, Care (toegrips.com)
- arthritis (akc.org)
- paw knuckling (handicappedpets.com)
- Degenerative Myelopathy in Dogs (vcahospitals.com)
- Canine degenerative myelopathy (dogwoodreferrals.co.uk)
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