Twisted Stomach in Horses: A Guide to Diagnosis and Management

A twisted stomach in horses, also known as gastric dilatation-volvulus (GDV), is a life-threatening condition that requires immediate attention.

The stomach can twist 180 to 360 degrees, cutting off blood flow to the stomach and potentially causing tissue death.

Horses with a twisted stomach may show signs of colic, such as pawing, restlessness, and a distended abdomen.

The condition is more common in deep-chested breeds like Quarter Horses and Thoroughbreds.

Consider reading: How to Prevent Twisted Stomach in Dogs

Colic pain in horses is often a result of disruptions to the normal functioning of the intestines. Intestinal cramps, stretching and damage to the gut wall, and blood supply interruption are all potential causes.

Some common factors that can lead to these issues include overeating, sudden dietary changes, and the presence of gas, which can cause distension and potential injury to the delicate intestinal tissues. These factors can trigger colic pain and may be associated with conditions such as spasmodic colic.

Stress is also a known cause of equine colic, and common stressors for horses include long transport, stabling changes, intense training, and increased stall confinement. These stressors can be minimized, but may not be entirely avoidable.

Here are some common causes of colic pain in horses:

Colic pain in horses can arise from various factors that disrupt the normal functioning of the intestines, causing discomfort and potential life-threatening complications. Horses are highly sensitive to changes in their gastrointestinal system, and understanding the causes of colic pain is crucial for effective management and prompt veterinary intervention.

Intestinal cramps, stretching and damage to the gut wall, and blood supply interruption are common causes of colic pain in horses. Intestinal cramps can cause significant discomfort for the horse and are often associated with conditions such as spasmodic colic.

Abrupt feeding changes can also lead to colic, as microbes in the horse's gut acclimate to digesting certain types of feed and hay. Gradual changes in feed should be done over a period of 7-10 days to prevent disruption in the microbes.

Torsion or twisted gut is a serious condition that can occur when a part of the intestine gets twisted on itself, making a blockage worse. If you suspect your horse is suffering from twisted gut, contact your veterinarian immediately for early intervention and treatment.

The proper treatment of colic depends on the right diagnosis and the cause of colic. Pain management, fluid therapy, nasogastric intubation, surgery, diet and management changes, and hospitalization may be necessary to treat colic.

Here are some common signs of colic in horses:

These signs can indicate that your horse is experiencing colic pain and requires prompt veterinary attention.

Stress is a significant contributor to equine colic. Long transport can cause stress in horses.

Stabling changes can also be a source of stress for horses. This is especially true if the changes are frequent or sudden.

Intense training is another common stressor for horses. Increased stall confinement can also contribute to stress.

Changes to the social environment can cause stress in horses. Herd dynamics play a role in this.

Here are some common stressors for horses that can contribute to colic:

It's worth noting that while not every type of stressor can be avoided, keeping stress to a minimum is an important part of colic prevention, especially for horses with a history of colic.

Symptoms of twisted stomach in horses can be quite concerning. Horses may display behaviors such as lying down more than normal, getting up and down frequently or violently, and standing stretched out as if to urinate.

A veterinarian will perform a physical examination, which may include rectal palpation to assess the internal structures of the horse's abdomen. This is crucial in diagnosing twisted stomach, as it allows the vet to feel for abnormalities, such as twists or displacements.

The severity of symptoms can range from mild to extremely violent, and may include signs such as profuse sweating, pawing ground, and kicking at the abdomen. Your veterinarian will also ask questions about the horse's appetite, defecation, and any management or feeding changes.

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Here are some key questions to ask your veterinarian:

A complete exam will also include a review of the horse's medical history, looking for evidence of previous colic episodes, such as skin abrasions, swollen/reddened skin, and feces or scrapes from pawing.

Diagnostic tests are a crucial step in determining the type and severity of colic in horses. A veterinarian may perform a range of tests to help identify the underlying issue.

Blood work is one such test, which involves taking blood samples to assess various parameters, including blood cell counts and biochemical markers. This can provide insights into the presence of inflammation, infection, or dehydration.

Ultrasound imaging can be used to visualize the internal structures of the abdomen, allowing the vet to assess the condition of organs, identify blockages, and detect abnormalities in real-time.

X-rays, or radiography, are valuable for imaging bony structures and can be useful in identifying certain types of colic, such as those caused by impactions or skeletal issues.

Here are the diagnostic tests mentioned in the article:

During a clinical examination for colic, a veterinarian will use a stethoscope to listen to the sounds emanating from the horse's abdomen, known as gut sounds. Abnormal gut sounds may suggest an issue such as an obstruction or impaction.

The veterinarian will also closely monitor the horse's vital signs, including heart rate, respiratory rate, and temperature. These parameters can provide important clues about the severity and nature of the colic.

To assess the internal structures, the veterinarian will perform a rectal palpation, inserting a gloved hand into the horse's rectum. This allows the vet to feel for abnormalities, such as twists, displacements, or other issues affecting the intestines.

The veterinarian will look for signs of previous colic episodes, such as skin abrasions, swollen/reddened skin around eyes and over hips, feces, and scrapes from pawing.

Here are some key vital signs to monitor:

Twisted stomach in horses can manifest in various ways, causing significant distress for the animal. One common type is displacement colic, where a segment of the horse's gastrointestinal tract, typically the small intestine, shifts or moves from its normal position within the abdominal cavity.

This displacement can result in a partial or complete blockage of the intestine, leading to digestive disturbances and severe pain. The displaced segment of the intestine can become twisted or trapped, further worsening the condition. Displacement colic accounts for a significant number of colic cases in horses, with large colon displacement being the second most common cause, involving 16.5% of diagnosed cases.

Entrapment colic is another type of twisted stomach, where a portion of the intestine becomes entrapped or caught between other structures within the abdominal cavity. This can occur when a loop of the intestine gets trapped in a small space or behind a ligament or other anatomical structure, such as the nephrosplenic ligament, which connects the horse's left kidney to spleen.

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Displacement and Entrapment are two common causes of colic in horses.

Displacement colic occurs when a segment of the horse's gastrointestinal tract shifts or moves from its normal position, leading to a partial or complete blockage of the intestine.

This can result in digestive disturbances and severe pain for the horse.

A displaced segment of the intestine can become twisted or trapped, further worsening the condition.

Entrapment colic, on the other hand, refers to a situation where a portion of the intestine becomes trapped or caught between other structures within the abdominal cavity.

One example is nephrosplenic entrapment, also known as left dorsal displacement, where a segment of the large colon becomes trapped over the nephrosplenic ligament.

Large colon displacement was the second most common cause of colic in horses, involving 16.5% of diagnosed cases in western Canada.

Of surgical colic cases, the prevalence of large colon displacement was 24.5%.

Twisted stomachs in horses can be a serious issue. Large colon volvulus is one of the most common types of twisted gut in horses.

This condition occurs most frequently in broodmares either during or right after foaling. Prompt surgical correction can result in a good outcome, but it's a fatal form of colic if left untreated.

Horses can experience colic pain due to various factors that disturb the normal form and function of the intestines. Intestinal cramps, stretching and damage to the gut wall, and blood supply interruption are all potential causes of colic pain.

Here are some specific causes of colic pain:

Treatment and management of a twisted stomach in horses requires a tailored approach based on the severity of the condition and the individual horse's needs. The veterinarian will closely monitor the horse during and after treatment to assess its response and ensure a positive outcome.

In some cases, surgical intervention may be necessary to correct the twisted stomach. Dehydration is a common complication of colic, and fluid therapy may be administered to help rehydrate the horse and maintain electrolyte balance.

The veterinarian will choose the best treatment option for the horse, which may include pain management, fluid therapy, nasogastric intubation, or surgery. If the horse has a distended stomach, a nasogastric tube may be used to relieve pressure and prevent further complications.

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Here are some common treatment options for a twisted stomach in horses:

If the horse's condition is severe, hospitalization may be required for intravenous fluids or repeated nasogastric tubing. The veterinarian may also recommend changes to the horse's diet or management to prevent future episodes of colic.

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Allowing as much turnout as possible can help reduce the risk of colic in horses.

Abiding by a feeding schedule is also crucial, as is keeping feed off the ground to prevent sand colic.

Giving constant access to fresh and clean water is essential, and feeding moldy grain or hay should be avoided at all costs.

Overgrazing pasture can also lead to colic, so it's essential to manage grazing carefully.

Giving hay and water before grain, and feeding at least 60% digestible energy from forage, can also help prevent colic.

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If your horse has a previous history of colic or colic surgery, it's essential to manage their diet and care accordingly.

Horses with a previous history of colic are more likely to experience it again.

Consider supplementing with a digestive supplement like Optimum Digestive Health or Optimum Probiotics to help keep the gut's microbial population in balance.

A balanced gut microbiome can reduce the chance of recurring colic.

Managing your horse's diet as naturally as possible is crucial for horses with a history of colic.

Prevention is key when it comes to keeping your horse healthy and happy. Regular veterinary check-ups and open communication with your veterinarian are crucial in successful colic prevention.

Sticking to a consistent feeding schedule is essential for maintaining stable digestive function in horses. This means feeding your horse at the same time every day and avoiding sudden changes in their diet.

Adequate forage in your horse's diet is also vital for promoting natural grazing behavior and providing essential fiber for proper gut function. Include a sufficient amount of high-quality forage, such as hay or pasture, in your horse's diet.

Providing your horse with regular exercise is also important for overall health and digestive well-being. Aim for at least 60% of their digestible energy to come from forage.

Here are some additional tips to help prevent colic:

If your horse has a previous history of colic or colic surgery, it's essential to manage and feed them as naturally as possible. Consider supplementing with a digestive supplement like Optimum Digestive Health or Optimum Probiotics to help keep the gut's microbial population in balance.

If you suspect your horse is experiencing a twisted stomach, you should call your veterinarian immediately. The earlier you can intervene, the better your horse's chance of recovery will be in most cases.

Remove access to all hay and feed from your horse, as this can help alleviate discomfort and prevent further complications. Never force an uncooperative horse to walk, as this can cause more harm than good.

Your veterinarian will likely perform a physical exam, pass a nasogastric tube, conduct a rectal examination, and possibly an abdominal tap, ultrasound, and blood tests to determine the cause, severity, and prognosis of the twisted stomach.

Here are some common treatments your veterinarian may administer:

Strangulation colic is a severe and potentially life-threatening condition in horses that requires immediate veterinary intervention. It occurs when a portion of the intestine is deprived of its normal blood supply, leading to tissue damage or necrosis.

The primary causes of strangulation colic involve conditions that impede the blood supply to the intestines. Intestinal volvulus is the most common cause, where a loop of the intestine twists upon itself, compromising the blood vessels and leading to ischemia.

Adhesions within the abdominal cavity can also restrict the movement of the intestines and compromise blood flow, contributing to strangulation colic. Hernias in the intestinal wall can obstruct blood vessels, preventing normal circulation.

Recognizing the signs of distress is crucial in addressing strangulation colic. Horses may exhibit intense pain, restlessness, sweating, and frequent attempts to roll or lie down.

Immediate veterinary attention is imperative in cases of strangulation colic. Delaying treatment can significantly reduce the chances of a successful outcome.

Treatment typically involves a combination of pain medications, fluids, and electrolytes to alleviate discomfort and stabilize the horse's condition. However, surgery is often necessary to correct the underlying cause of the strangulation.

The urgency of veterinary care cannot be overstated in cases of strangulation colic. Prompt diagnosis and intervention increase the likelihood of a full recovery and minimize the risk of complications.

Here are the primary causes of strangulation colic:

If your horse is injured, it's essential to act quickly and carefully. If you suspect your horse is experiencing colic, call your veterinarian immediately, as the earlier you intervene, the better their chance of recovery will be.

To keep your horse calm and comfortable while waiting for the vet, remove access to all hay and feed, and try to walk them if they're able to do so without forcing them. Never force an uncooperative horse to walk.

Administering banamine paste as a pain medication may be recommended by your vet, but make sure to obtain a temperature and heart rate before giving it to your horse. If your horse can be kept somewhat comfortable, intravenous banamine is more effective.

Your veterinarian will likely perform a physical exam, pass a nasogastric tube, and conduct a rectal examination to determine the cause and severity of the injury. They may also conduct an abdominal tap, abdominal ultrasound, and various blood tests.

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In the case of colic, your veterinarian may administer banamine, Buscopan, and possibly some type of sedation to keep your horse calm. They may also give laxatives like mineral oil or magnesium sulfate, and rehydrate your horse with oral or IV fluids.

If your horse is experiencing severe abdominal pain, treatment may be either medical or surgical. Unfortunately, about half of the cases are fatal.

A twisted stomach in horses can be a serious issue. The severity of the condition can vary depending on the degree of twisting, with some cases being more severe than others.

If the twisting is not severe, a horse may not show any symptoms. However, if the twisting is severe, it can lead to colic, which is a common symptom of twisted stomach in horses.

In severe cases, a twisted stomach can lead to complications such as peritonitis, which is an inflammation of the lining of the abdominal cavity. This can be life-threatening if left untreated.

A moderate case of colic in horses can be quite distressing for both the horse and its owner. Your horse may lie down laterally for long periods.

This can be a sign that the horse is uncomfortable and in pain. In addition to the initial symptoms, a moderate case of colic may also cause your horse to exhibit continuous up and down movements.

Your horse may also assume the posture to urinate, which can be a sign of abdominal pain. No pooping is another common symptom, which can lead to further complications if not addressed.

Loss of appetite is a significant concern, as it can exacerbate the situation. Kicking at the abdomen is another sign that your horse is in pain and discomfort.

Here are some common signs of a moderate case of colic in horses:

A severe case of colic in your horse is a serious matter that requires immediate attention. If your horse is showing signs of a severe case, it's essential to recognize the warning signs.

Excessive rolling is a common symptom, often accompanied by biting or kicking its stomach. This behavior can lead to injuries due to the horse's thrashing about.

Excessive sweating and rapid breathing are also indicative of a severe case. A heart rate over 45 to 50 beats per minute is another critical sign.

Tacky feeling gums and mucous membrane color changes are other warning signs to watch out for. Slow capillary refill time is a concerning symptom that requires prompt veterinary attention.

Here are the key signs to look out for in a severe case of colic: